In order to evaluate chemical control of yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.) and COMMON DANDELION (Taraxacum syriacum boiss.) in tall fescue turf, an experiment was conducted during 2006 in Tehran using randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 11 treatments. Treatments for yellow foxtail control were diclofop methyl (Illoxan36% EC) at 2.5 and 3 l ha-1, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + mefenpyr- diethyl (PumaSuper7.5% EW) at 0.8 and 1 l ha-1, clodinafop propargyl (Topic8% EC) at 0.6 and 0.8 l ha-1, tralkoxydim (Grasp25% SC) at 1 and 1.2 l ha-1, sulfusulfuron (Apyros75% DF) at 27 and 35 g ha-1 and untreated control. Treatments for DANDELION control were 2, 4-D + MCPA (U46 Combifloied72% SL) at 1.5 and 2 l ha-1, dichlrprop-p + mecoprop-p + MCPP (Duplosan super60% SL) at 2 and 2.5 l ha-1, bromoxynil + MCPA (Bromicide10% SL) at 1.5 and 2 l ha-1, mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-Na (Chevalier6% WG) at 350 and 400 g ha-1, metribuzine (Sencor70% WP) at 750 and 1000 g ha-1 and untreated control.All treatments were repeated 3 times during the growing period of yellow foxtail (29/6/2006, 14/7/2006, 1/8/2006, respectively) and DANDELION (20/5/2006, 3/6/2006, 17/6/2006, respecrively). The results showed that, despite low efficacy, Illoxan at 2.5 l ha-1, Pumasuper + mefenpyr- diethyl at 0.8 l ha-1 and Topic at 0.6 l ha-1 (without significant differences between both doses and damage under 20 percent to turf), could be recommended for yellow foxtail control in tall fescue turf. Also, one application of Duplosan super at 2 l ha-1 or 2/4-D + MCPA at 1.5 l ha-1 can control DANDELION in turf.

DANDELION is a traditional Chinese herb that belongs to the "Asteraceae" family. It is primarily produced in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi, Hebei, and northeastern areas. The taste of DANDELION is sweet, slightly bitter, and cold. As it has been stated in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, its functions are to clear heat, resolve toxin as well as swelling, and eliminate binds in the clinical applications of an upper respiratory tract and urinary tract infections, acute bronchitis, and inflammatory as well as cancers diseases (1).

Literature and music have a close and complementary relationship with each other. In performance, poetry is the infrastructure of mind and the language of music, with which it has a strong connection. In fact, what melodies and musical instruments express through the sounds, the poetry manifests more tangibly via words. In this interdisciplinary research, the induction of sounds, due to the repetition of consonants and vowels, has been examined in the light of Murice Gerammont's theory and via a descriptive-analytical approach. Accordingly, the pragmatic axis shows the angles of inducing meaning and, more importantly, the effectiveness of poetry and the way music and poetry influence each other, which is examined via the introduction of examples of vocal music and, specifically, Akhavan Sales's "DANDELION" performed by Mohammad Reza Shajarian. Each vocal division in Iranian music has its own characteristics and expresses different moods, and both the composer and the singer should select the music division and vocal corners with the consideration of the meaning and the content of the selected poems. The results show that sounds and words, with clarity, brilliance and darkness, have been successful in conveying the two discourses of slight hope and overwhelming despair and that it is the sound which determines the color of the feeling of the music and instruments and makes the poetry and musical works more effective and lasting.

Background: Vancomycin is the most COMMONly used glycopeptide antibiotic against gram-positive bacteria, and 5 - 25% of users experience vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity. DANDELION has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Previous studies have indicated the protective effects of DANDELION on kidneys in vivo. Objectives: In this study, the mechanism of this protective effect was investigated in vitro. Methods: After treatment of Vero cells with vancomycin and hydroalcoholic extract, cell viability was measured using the MTT technique. Untreated cells were considered as controls. Then, in three programs of pre-treatment, simultaneous treatment, and post-treatment, the protective effect was measured. Finally, the effect of DANDELION extract on vancomycin-induced apoptosis was tested by diphenylamine assay and Annexin V staining. The expression of apoptotic markers was evaluated by real-time PCR technique. Results: The extract reduced the viability of the cells significantly at 100 and 200 µg/mL (P < 0.05) and at lower concentrations was not toxic to cells. Vancomycin reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In combination treatment, the extract protected Vero cells against the cytotoxic action of vancomycin. Also, apoptosis was significantly induced by vancomycin (P < 0.05), and the extract prevented apoptosis induced by vancomycin. Conclusions: DANDELION extract ameliorates vancomycin-induced toxicity. Therefore, the use of DANDELION in combination with vancomycin may be a promising approach to the prevention of nephrotoxicity.

In order to study the genetic control of resistance to COMMON smut in maize, two resistant inbred lines, K1264/1 and K47/2-2-21 and two susceptible inbred lines, K3304/1-2 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1, were crossed as K1264/1 × K3304/1-2, K47//2-2-21 × K3304/1-2 and K1264/1 × K47/2-2-1-3-3-1. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies were produced and evaluated along with parents using randomized compelet block design with three replications. All generations were artificially inoculated with spordia of Ustilago maydis suspension. Inoculation was carried out 7-10 days after silking through injection of 3 ml of 106 spores/ml fungal suspension, using tip injection method. At maturity, disease severity was determined based on ears infection and analysed according to generation means analysis method for three crosses. Joint scaling test showed that the presence of additive, dominance and epistasis effects, especially additive × additive and dominance × dominance type, and in lesser extent, additive × dominance, in genetic control of resistance to maize COMMON smut. Average broad and narrow-sense heritability based on three crosses data were estimated 80.3 and 57.3, respectively.

To examine metal content of DANDELION plants in relation to environmental metal levels, concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb were analyzed in plant parts (leaves and roots) and soil samples from five sites in the city of Brno (Czech Republic), differentially impacted by pollution. Soils and plants were collected mid-April 2011. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of the studied elements. The amount of metals measured in soils and plants corresponded with the contamination load of the sampling place. The highest values of metals were found in the soil and plants sampled at Opuštena Street, a heavily polluted locality with high traffic density situated in the city centre. Significant correlations were found between the amount of Cd in the soil and in the DANDELION roots (r=0.863) and between the amount of Pb (r=0.870) and Hg (r=0.828) in the soil and in the DANDELION leaves. Higher Cd content was found in underground part of the plants, indicating soil contamination. The higher Hg and Pb content in leaves rather than in roots in all locations illustrated a contribution of significant atmospheric deposition. Washing the leaves before the analysis significantly reduced the measured metal concentrations. This indicated that substantial amount of metals was on the leaves surface as dry aerosol particles. Inter-metal correlations between soil, leaves and roots samples showed that the sources of Cd, Pb and Hg pollution in Brno urban areas were mainly of anthropogenic origin. The content of heavy metals both in the DANDELION plant tissue and in the soil should be seen as a good indicator of natural urban environmental pollution.

The use of zeolite was investigated to improve the environmental condition of COMMON carp. The fingerlings of 13 grams were tested in 4 treatments. Each treatment contained 60 fish and 3 replications, in RBD experiment design. The treatment was performed 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg/l and one without zeolite as control. EC, T, O2 and salinity was equal but the amount of No2, NO3, NH4 and total hardness, was lower in zeolite treatment compared to the control group. Other parameters such as TDS, pH and sulfide were not different. The results showed that using zeolite can improve the water condition but the SGR, PER, FCR and total weight, in spite of pronounced difference between the dosage of 8 and 120 mg/l, the difference was not significant. In treatment of 80 mg/l, weight increased for 31%, GR for 29%, SGR for 29%, PER for 42%, more than the control group. FCR in the control group was 3.07 while in treatment with 80 mg/l zeolite, it was 2.34.The present study showed by using zeolite and by good management to improve the water condition, it is possible to improve the growth parameters of fish.

Introduction DANDELION with the scientific name (Taraxacum sp.) from the Asteraceae family is one of the COMMON weeds of turfgrasses and pastures. Post-growth control of weeds in established turfgrasses is crucial and ignoring it severely damages the aesthetic aspect of turfgrass. Chemical methods are COMMONly used to control weeds in established turfgrass (Karimmojeni et al., 2012). The use of herbicides helps in the management of weed control in damaged turf fields along with non-chemical methods such as correct mowing height, effective irrigation, sufficient fertilization, and timely weeding. Perennial broad-leaf weeds can be selectively controlled with herbicides. U-46 Combi Fluid, Duplosan super, and Ioxynil are suitable herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf fields.   Materials and Methods In order to control the DANDELION in Kentucky bluegrass turf, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 9 treatments in September 2022, at the green space of Shahrekord University. Replications included 1×1 m2 plots and the factors included two herbicides of U46-Combi Fluid and Duplosan Super and their interaction with Ioxynil. All selected plots were infested with DANDELION weed. The treatments included U46-combi fluid at two levels of 1.5 and 2 L ha-1 (U1.5 and U2), Duplosan Super at two levels of 2 and 2.5 L ha-1 (D2 and D2.5), their interaction with Ioxynil herbicide at two levels (0 and 2 L ha-1) (I0 and I2), and the control (use of distilled water instead of herbicide). U-46 Combi Fluid and Duplosan Super herbicide treatments were applied at the end of September. Then, Ioxynil was applied 10 days after the first spraying. Finally, 15 days later, the effect of the treatments on the biomass characteristic of the DANDELION shoots and the visual quality of turfgrass were recorded. After 50 days, the last spraying, the percentage of regrowth, herbicide control efficiency, and the biomass of turfgrass shoot were measured during the experiment. Variance analysis of data was done using SAS 9.1 statistical program and the comparison of means was conducted using LSD test (P≤0.05).   Results and Discussion The results showed the lowest fresh and dry weight of DANDELION and the highest efficiency of herbicide were found in treatments U2 + I2 and D2.5+ I2. However, these treatments had not significantly different from D2+I2 and U1.5+I2 treatments. The lowest percentage of regrowth was obtained in D2 + I2. The highest fresh weight of turfgrass was found in the control which had no significant difference with D2 + I2 and U1.5 + I2. Moreover, total chlorophyll in turfgrass leaves was improved by removing weeds. The amount of chlorophyll a, b, and total was higher in the U1.5 treatment than in other treatments. Therefore, improving the greenness of turf could be due to more light being provided to turf leaves as a result of DANDELION leaf removal or positive physiological effects of 2,4-D or MCPA. There were no differences among treatments for total chlorophyll, carotenoid, visual quality, dry weight of turfgrass, and DANDELION control percentage. Therefore, D2 + I2 and U1.5 + I2 can be recommended, due to the higher fresh turf weight, the good control of DANDELION, and the low rate of regrowth of weed.   Conclusion Application of Duplosan Super and then Ioxynil, both with a concentration of 2.0 L ha-1 and/or U-46 Combi Fluid with a concentration of 1.5 L ha-1 and then Ioxynil with a concentration of 2.0 L ha-1 treatments are recommended due to the high weight of turfgrass, the reasonable control of DANDELIONs, and their reduction of regrowth. In addition, leaf chlorophyll of Kentucky bluegrass treated with of U-46 Combi Fluid with a concentration of 1.5 L ha-1 was higher than in other treatments. It also had a higher turfgrass fresh weight than the 2.0 L ha-1 of U-46 Combi Fluid treatment. Duplosan Super (2.5 L ha-1) and then Ioxynil (2.0 L ha-1) treatment led to a decrease in turfgrass fresh weight compared to the same treatment without Ioxynil. In conclusion, Ioxynil concentrations at high levels did not cause visible damage, but had adverse effects on turfgrass growth, suggesting that a lower dose should be studied.

Background: The health status of the body depends on the precise functioning of the liver for the removal of waste materials and xenobiotic metabolism, and its dysfunction by toxic chemicals leads to serious health problems. Taraxacum officinale (DANDELION) has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Objectives: This research aims to estimate the protective effect of the DANDELION extract on hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride. Methods: DANDELION was collected, and its hydroalcoholic extract was prepared. After treating the HepG2 liver cells with carbon tetrachloride, the percentage of cell viability was measured. Then, cells were treated with DANDELION extract to select non-toxic concentrations of extract, and finally, the protective effect was measured in three programs: Pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment. The effect of DANDELION extract on apoptosis induced by carbon tetrachloride was evaluated. Also, the expression of apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl-2 was evaluated. Results: DANDELION extract had no toxic effect on liver cells at concentrations below 200 μg/mL. Carbon tetrachloride decreased the liver cells' viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the three treatment schedules, co-treatment with a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL extract had the greatest protective effect. DANDELION extract significantly reduced apoptosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The extract exerted its protective effect by inhibiting apoptosis induced by carbon tetrachloride by decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. DANDELION extract had a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride toxicity in liver cells.